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- Request for Comments: 852
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- The ARPANET Short Blocking Feature
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- RFC 852
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- Andrew G. Malis
- ARPANET Mail: malis@bbn-unix
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- Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc.
- 50 Moulton St.
- Cambridge, MA 02238
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- April 1983
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- This RFC specifies the ARPANET Short Blocking Feature, which will
- allow ARPANET hosts to optionally shorten the IMP's host blocking
- timer. This Feature is a replacement of the ARPANET non-blocking
- host interface, which was never implemented, and will be
- available to hosts using either the 1822 or 1822L Host Access
- Protocol. The RFC is also being presented as a solicitation of
- comments on the Short Blocking Feature, especially from host
- network software implementers and maintainers.
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- ARPANET Short Blocking Feature April 1983
- RFC 852
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- 1 INTRODUCTION
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- This RFC specifies the ARPANET Short Blocking Feature, which will
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- allow a host to shorten the amount of time that it may be blocked
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- by its IMP after it presents a message to the network (currently,
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- the IMP can block further input from a host for up to fifteen
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- seconds).
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- The Feature is an addition to the ARPANET 1822 and 1822L Host
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- Access Protocols, and replaces the non-blocking host interface
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- described in section 3.7 of BBN Report 1822 [1], which was never
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- implemented. This Feature will be available to hosts on C/30
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- IMPs only. This will not present a problem on the ARPANET, which
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- only has C/30 IMPs, but hosts on non-C/30 IMPs in networks that
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- mix C/30 and non-C/30 IMPs will not be able to use the Short
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- Blocking Feature.
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- The RFC's terminology is consistent with that used in Report
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- 1822, and any new terms will be defined when they are first used.
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- Familiarity with Report 1822 (section 3 in particular) is
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- assumed.
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- This RFC was once part of RFC 802, which is now obsolete and has
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- been replaced by the combination of this RFC and RFC 851, The
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- ARPANET 1822L Host Access Protocol [2]. The Short Blocking
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- Feature will be available to all hosts on C/30 IMPs, no matter
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- ARPANET Short Blocking Feature April 1983
- RFC 852
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- which (1822 or 1822L) host access protocol they are using to
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- communicate with the IMP.
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- ARPANET Short Blocking Feature April 1983
- RFC 852
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- 2 THE ARPANET SHORT BLOCKING FEATURE
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- The Short Blocking Feature of the 1822 and 1822L protocols allows
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- a host to present messages to the IMP without causing the IMP to
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- not accept further messages from the host for long amounts of
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- time (up to fifteen seconds). It is a replacement for the non-
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- blocking host interface described in section 3.7 of Report 1822,
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- and that description should be ignored.
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- 2.1 Host Blocking
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- Usually, when a source host submits a message to an IMP, the IMP
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- immediately processes that message and sends it on its way to its
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- destination host. Sometimes, however, the IMP is not able to
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- process the message immediately. Processing a message requires a
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- significant number of resources, and when the network is heavily
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- loaded, there can sometimes be a long delay before the necessary
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- resources become available. In such cases, the IMP must make a
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- decision as to what to do while it is attempting to gather the
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- resources.
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- One possibility is for the IMP to stop accepting messages from
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- the source host until it has gathered the resources needed to
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- process the message just submitted. This strategy is known as
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- blocking the host, and is basically the strategy that has been
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- ARPANET Short Blocking Feature April 1983
- RFC 852
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- used in the ARPANET up to the present. When a host submits a
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- message to an IMP, all further transmissions from that host to
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- that IMP are blocked until the message can be processed.
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- It is important to note, however, that not all messages require
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- the same set of resources in order to be processed by the IMP.
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- The particular set of resources needed will depend on the message
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- type, the message length, and the destination host of the
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- message. Therefore, although it might take a long time to gather
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- the resources needed to process a particular message, it might
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- take only a short time to gather the resources needed to process
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- some other message. This fact exposes a significant disadvantage
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- in the strategy of blocking the host. A host which is blocked
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- may have many other messages to submit which, if only they could
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- be submitted, could be processed immediately. It is "unfair" for
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- the IMP to refuse to accept these messages until it has gathered
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- the resources for some other, unrelated message. Why should
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- messages for which the IMP has plenty of resources be delayed for
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- an arbitrarily long amount of time just because the IMP lacks the
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- resources needed for some other message?
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- A simple way to alleviate the problem would be to place a limit
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- on the amount of time during which a host can be blocked. This
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- amount of time should be long enough so that, in most
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- circumstances, the IMP will be able to gather the resources
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- ARPANET Short Blocking Feature April 1983
- RFC 852
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- needed to process the message within the given time period. If,
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- however, the resources cannot be gathered in this period of time,
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- the IMP will flush the message, sending a reply to the source
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- host indicating that the message was rejected and specifying the
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- reason that it could not be processed. However, the resource
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- gathering process would continue. The intention is that the host
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- resubmit the message in a short time, when, hopefully, the
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- resource gathering process has concluded successfully. In the
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- meantime, the host can submit other messages, which may be
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- processed sooner. This strategy does not eliminate the
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- phenomenon of host blocking, but only limits the time during
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- which a host is blocked. This shorter time limit will always be
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- less than or equal to two seconds.
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- Note, however, that there is a disadvantage to having short
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- blocking times. Let us assume that the IMP accepts a message if
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- it has all the resources needed to process it. The ARPANET
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- provides a sequential delivery service, whereby messages with the
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- same priority, source host, and destination host are delivered to
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- the destination host in the same order as they are accepted from
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- the source host. With short blocking times, however, the order
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- in which the IMP accepts messages from the source host need not
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- be the same as the order in which the source host originally
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- submitted the messages. Since the two data streams (one in each
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- ARPANET Short Blocking Feature April 1983
- RFC 852
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- direction) between the host and the IMP are not synchronized, the
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- host may not receive the reply to a rejected message before it
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- submits subsequent messages for the same destination host. If a
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- subsequent message is accepted, the order of acceptance differs
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- from the order of original submission, and the ARPANET will not
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- provide the same type of sequential delivery that it has in the
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- past. If sequential delivery by the subnet is a strict
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- requirement, the Short Blocking Feature should not be used. For
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- messages without this requirement, however, the Short Blocking
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- Feature can be used.
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- Up to now, type 0 (Regular) messages have only had sub-types
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- available to request the standard blocking timeout, fifteen
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- seconds. The Short Blocking Feature makes available new sub-
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- types that allow the host to request messages to be short
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- blocking, i.e. only cause the host to be blocked for two seconds
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- at most if the message cannot be immediately processed.
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- Type 0 messages now have the following subtypes:
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- 0: Standard: This subtype instructs the IMP to use its full
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- message and error control facilities. The host may be
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- blocked up to fifteen seconds during the message submission.
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- 1: Standard, Short Blocking: The IMP attempts to use the same
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- facilities as for subtype 0, but will block the host for a
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- ARPANET Short Blocking Feature April 1983
- RFC 852
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- maximum of two seconds.
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- 3: Uncontrolled Packet: The IMP performs no message-control
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- functions, and the packet is not guaranteed to be delivered.
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- The host may be blocked up to fifteen seconds during the
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- packet submission, although any such blockage is unlikely.
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- 4: Uncontrolled, Short Blocking: The IMP treats the packet
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- similarly to subtype 3, but will only block the host for a
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- maximum of two seconds. Again, actual blockage is unlikely.
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- 2.2 Reasons for Host Blockage
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- There are a number of reasons why a message could cause a long
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- blockage in the IMP, which would result in the rejection of a
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- short (or even non-short) blocking message. The IMP signals this
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- rejection of a message by using the Incomplete Transmission (Type
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- 9) message, using the sub-type field to indicate why the message
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- was rejected. The already-existing sub-types for the type 9
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- message are:
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- 0: The destination host did not accept the message quickly
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- enough.
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- 1: The message was too long.
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- ARPANET Short Blocking Feature April 1983
- RFC 852
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- 2: The host took more than fifteen seconds to transmit the
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- message to the IMP. This time is measured from the last bit
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- of the leader through the last bit of the message.
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- 3: The message was lost in the network due to IMP or circuit
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- failures.
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- 4: The IMP could not accept the entire message within fifteen
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- seconds because of unavailable resources. This sub-type is
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- only used in response to non-short blocking messages. If a
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- short blocking message timed out, it will be responded to
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- with one of sub-types 6-10.
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- 5: Source IMP I/O failure occurred during receipt of this
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- message.
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- The new sub-types that apply to the Short Blocking Feature are:
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- 6: Connection set-up delay: Although the IMP presents a simple
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- message-at-a-time interface to the host, it provides an
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- internal connection-oriented (virtual circuit) service,
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- except in the case of uncontrolled packets. Two messages are
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- considered to be on the same connection if they have the same
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- source host (i.e., they are submitted to the same IMP over
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- the same host interface), the same priority, and the same
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- destination host name or address. The subnet maintains
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- ARPANET Short Blocking Feature April 1983
- RFC 852
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- internal connection set-up and tear-down procedures.
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- Connections are set up as needed, and are torn down only
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- after a period of inactivity. Occasionally, network
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- congestion or resource shortage will cause a lengthy delay in
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- connection set-up. During this period, no messages for that
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- connection can be accepted, but other messages can be
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- accepted.
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- 7: End-to-end flow control: For every message that a host
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- submits to an IMP (except uncontrolled packets) the IMP
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- eventually returns a reply to the host indicating the
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- disposition of the message. Between the time that the
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- message is submitted and the time the host receives the
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- reply, the message is said to be outstanding. The ARPANET
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- allows only eight outstanding messages on any given
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- connection. If there are eight outstanding messages on a
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- given connection, and a ninth is submitted, it cannot the
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- accepted. If a message is refused because its connection is
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- blocked due to flow control, messages on other connections
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- can still be accepted.
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- End-to-end flow control is the most common cause of host
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- blocking in the ARPANET at present.
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- ARPANET Short Blocking Feature April 1983
- RFC 852
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- 8: Destination IMP buffer space shortage: If the host submits a
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- message of more than 1008 bits (exclusive of the 96-bit
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- leader), buffer space at the destination IMP must be reserved
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- before the message can be accepted. Buffer space at the
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- destination IMP is always reserved on a per-connection basis.
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- If the destination IMP is heavily loaded, there may be a
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- lengthy wait for the buffer space; this is another common
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- cause of blocking in the present ARPANET. Messages are
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- rejected for this reason based on their length and
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- connection; messages of 1008 or fewer bits or messages for
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- other connections may still be acceptable.
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- 9: Congestion control: A message may be refused for reasons of
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- congestion control if the path via the intermediate IMPs and
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- lines to the destination IMP is too heavily loaded to handle
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- additional traffic. Messages to other destinations may be
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- acceptable, however.
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- 10: Local resource shortage: Occasionally, the source IMP itself
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- is short of buffer space, table entries, or some other
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- resource that it needs to accept a message. Unlike the other
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- reasons for message rejection, this resource shortage will
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- affect all messages equally, except for uncontrolled packets.
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- The message's size or connection is not relevant.
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- ARPANET Short Blocking Feature April 1983
- RFC 852
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- The Short Blocking Feature is available to all hosts on C/30
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- IMPs, whether they are using the 1822 or 1822L protocol, through
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- the use of Type 0, sub-type 1 and 4 messages. A host using these
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- sub-types should be prepared to correctly handle the Type 9
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- (Incomplete Transmission) messages from the IMP.
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- ARPANET Short Blocking Feature April 1983
- RFC 852
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- 3 REFERENCES
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- [1] Specifications for the Interconnection of a Host and an IMP,
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- BBN Report 1822, December 1981 Revision.
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- [2] A. Malis, The ARPANET 1822L Host Access Protocol, Request
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- for Comments 851, April 1983.
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